{"id":47323,"date":"2025-09-03T13:55:48","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T13:55:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/?p=47323"},"modified":"2025-09-18T07:41:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-18T07:41:30","slug":"the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/","title":{"rendered":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#8217;s Oil Revenue Stream"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Recap<\/strong>:&nbsp; The crude market posted an outside trading day on Tuesday following the long U.S. Labor Day holiday and ended the session sharply higher after the U.S. imposed sanctions targeting Iran\u2019s oil revenue stream and ahead of the OPEC+ meeting on Sunday. The market posted a low of $63.66 during Monday\u2019s shortened trading session. However, the market bounced off its low and rallied to a high of $66.03 early Tuesday morning. The market was well supported by expectations that OPEC+ producers will not unwind the remaining voluntary cuts at its meeting on Sunday. The market also remained supported by the geopolitical concerns over the lack in progress in ending the war in Ukraine. Ukrainian drone attacks have shut down facilities accounting for about 17% of Russia\u2019s oil processing capacity or 1.1 million bpd. The oil market erased some of its losses only to trade back towards its high on the news that the U.S. sanctioned a network of shipping companies and vessels for smuggling Iranian crude disguised as Iraqi oil. The October WTI contract settled in a sideways trading range ahead of the close and ended the session up $1.58 at $65.59. The November Brent contract settled up 99 cents at $69.14. The product markets ended the session higher, with the heating oil market settling up 10.46 cents at $2.3744 and the RB market settling up 7.39 cents at $2.0428.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Technical Analysis<\/strong>:&nbsp; The oil market is seen remaining supported ahead of the OPEC+ meeting on Sunday and by the sanction targeting Iran\u2019s oil revenue stream as well as the continuing war in Ukraine and its impact on Russia\u2019s crude supply amid the threats of sanctions. U.S. President Donald Trump on Tuesday said he was disappointed in Russian President Vladimir Putin and added that the administration was planning to take some action to bring down deaths in Russia\u2019s war in Ukraine. The market will also look for further direction from the weekly petroleum stocks reports, which are scheduled to be released on Wednesday afternoon and Thursday morning due to the holiday. The crude market is seen finding resistance at $66.03, $66.56 and $68.46. Meanwhile, support is seen at $64.22, $63.66, $63.56, $63.35, $63.10 and $62.95.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fundamental News<\/strong>:&nbsp; Russian President Vladimir Putin said that Moscow had never opposed Ukraine&#8217;s potential membership of the European Union and that he thought it was possible to find a consensus on ensuring the security of both Russia and Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The U.S. Treasury Department on Tuesday sanctioned a network of shipping companies and vessels led by an Iraqi-Kittitian businessman for smuggling Iranian oil disguised as Iraqi oil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A senior Iranian official said the path to nuclear negotiations between Iran and the United States is not closed but added that U.S. demands for curbs on Iranian missiles are obstructing prospects for talks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yemen&#8217;s Iran-aligned Houthis said that they had attacked a ship in the northern Red Sea with two drones and a missile over its connection to Israel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saudi Aramco and Iraq&#8217;s state oil company SOMO have stopped selling crude oil to India&#8217;s Nayara Energy in the aftermath of sanctions imposed in July by the European Union on the Russian-backed refiner. According to sources and LSEG shipping data, the halt of supply from the two Gulf exporters means Nayara, majority-owned by Russian entities including oil major Rosneft, relied entirely on Russia for its crude oil imports in August.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citgo&#8217;s 175,500 bpd Corpus Christi refinery and Phillips 66&#8217;s 159,668 bpd Borger refinery reported operational issues late last week. In an environmental regulatory filing, Citgo said the fluid catalytic cracking unit No. 2 at the refinery&#8217;s East Plant experienced a sudden unplanned shutdown due to the loss of a control valve on Thursday. Citgo said the refinery&#8217;s electrostatic precipitators were turned off as part of the safety shutdown protocol, resulting in flaring and carbon monoxide emission for about an hour. Citgo also said that refinery workers responded to stabilize refinery process units. On Sunday, Phillips 66 reported an emissions event of more than four hours at its Borger refinery in the Texas Panhandle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Early<\/strong><strong> Market Call &#8211; as of 9:00 AM EDT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>WTI &#8211; Oct $64.40, down $1.22<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RBOB &#8211; Oct $2.0144, down 2.75 cents <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>HO &#8211; Oct $2.3650, down 66 points<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recap:&nbsp; The crude market posted an outside trading day on Tuesday following the long U.S. Labor Day holiday and ended the session sharply higher after the U.S. imposed sanctions targeting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":47409,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"sfsi_plus_gutenberg_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_show_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_type":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_alignemt":"","sfsi_plus_gutenburg_max_per_row":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21,191,23,20,1,190],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crude","category-delivered-fuel","category-gasoline","category-heating-oil","category-market-insights","category-wholesale-fuel"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#039;s Oil Revenue Stream - Sprague Energy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#039;s Oil Revenue Stream\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sprague Energy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Emily Beckett\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Emily Beckett\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimation du temps de lecture\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Emily Beckett\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9\"},\"headline\":\"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#8217;s Oil Revenue Stream\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":703,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/10-1.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Crude\",\"Delivered Fuel\",\"Gasoline\",\"Heating Oil\",\"Market Insights\",\"Wholesale Fuel\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/\",\"name\":\"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran's Oil Revenue Stream - Sprague Energy\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/10-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9\"},\"description\":\"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/10-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/10-1.png\",\"width\":250,\"height\":250},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#8217;s Oil Revenue Stream\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Sprague Energy\",\"description\":\"Our Energy Makes the Difference\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9\",\"name\":\"Emily Beckett\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Emily Beckett\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.spragueenergy.com\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/ebeckett\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran's Oil Revenue Stream - Sprague Energy","description":"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/","og_locale":"fr_CA","og_type":"article","og_title":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran's Oil Revenue Stream","og_description":"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/","og_site_name":"Sprague Energy","article_published_time":"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00","og_image":[{"width":250,"height":250,"url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Emily Beckett","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Emily Beckett","Estimation du temps de lecture":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/"},"author":{"name":"Emily Beckett","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9"},"headline":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#8217;s Oil Revenue Stream","datePublished":"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/"},"wordCount":703,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png","articleSection":["Crude","Delivered Fuel","Gasoline","Heating Oil","Market Insights","Wholesale Fuel"],"inLanguage":"fr-CA"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/","url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/","name":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran's Oil Revenue Stream - Sprague Energy","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png","datePublished":"2025-09-03T13:55:48+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-18T07:41:30+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9"},"description":"Explore recent trends in the oil market, including impacts from U.S. sanctions and OPEC+ decisions on global oil prices.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-1.png","width":250,"height":250},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/the-u-s-imposed-sanctions-targeting-irans-oil-revenue-stream\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The U.S. Imposed Sanctions Targeting Iran&#8217;s Oil Revenue Stream"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/","name":"Sprague Energy","description":"Our Energy Makes the Difference","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-CA"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f16806fa4af9f2c44e5e1b0a75e5ace9","name":"Emily Beckett","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/924f71156c61d85a05686dee7318acf2321732eee51894f7ac82ed4453356bc3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Emily Beckett"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com"],"url":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/author\/ebeckett\/"}]}},"terminal":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47323\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/47409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spragueenergy.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}